Ahmed b. İbrahim (Resmi, Giridi)
b. 1694 or 1695, d. 1783
Title:
Resmi, Giridi
PDF (English):
Life:

A.R. was born in Réthymnon (Resmo), Crete (Girid), in 1106-07/1694-95. According to Muhammad Muradi (d. 1206/1791-92), our source for the little we know concerning A.R.’s early life, A.R. arrived in Istanbul in 1147-48/1734-35, where he continued his studies under Abdullah al-Husayn b. Muhammad al-Basri (d. ?) and Abü al-Tijah Ahmad b. Ali al-Manini al-Dimashqi (d. ?). Even though A.R. is sometimes referred to as a teacher (müderris), and occasionally has the honorific title haci attached to his name, neither attest to his early training or later experiences. Most sources credit him with expertise in the calligraphic and epistolary arts, typically evoked of those who were life-long members of the hvacegan, the senior ranks of Ottoman bureaucracy. A.R. was such a figure. It also seems to be more than simply a matter of professional convenience that A.R. allied himself with an intellectual circle of reformers, who transformed diplomatic relations of the Ottomans with Europe in the eighteenth century and established some of the first privately-endowed public libraries of Istanbul. His patrons were among the most distinguished statesmen and literati of the eighteenth century. Most of our knowledge of his palace career is drawn from scattered references in his own works, especially those in dedicatory prefaces to patrons, and scanty records of employment from archival documents.

A.R. began his civil service as chief tax farmer (baş muqataacı) in 1160/1747. When his father-in-law and first patron Tavuqçubaşı Mustafa, a diplomat and one of the prominent figures in grand vizier Qoca Ragıb Mehmed’s (1110-77/1698-1763) entourage, died in 1162/1749, A.R. began the compilation of Sefinetü’r-rü’esa, not only to honor him but also to find a new patron. It was in this period that A.R. wrote İstinas fi ahvali’l-efras, a standard show piece demonstrating his scribal and literary skills. The work celebrated the spring ritual of releasing the royal horses for grazing and served as an encomium to his master Sultan Mahmud I (r. 1143-67/1730-54). Judging from the number of presentation copies among the extant manuscripts, it must have served also as a means of introduction to potential patrons, such as grand vizier Köse Bahir Mustafa (first vizierate: 1165-68/1752-55).

After having demonstrated his literary skills and serving in numerous lesser offices including the office of the junior endowments accountant (küçük evqaf muhasebecisi), probably because of his attachment to the household of Qoca Ragıb Mehmed, A.R. was appointed in late 1118/1757 to an embassy to Vienna to announce the accession of Mustafa III (1171-88/1757-74). This is also the period when A.R. composed Hamiletü’l-kübera (1163/1749), a biographical list of the chief black eunuchs (qızlar agaları) of the Palace, of which one copy is dedicated to Qoca Ragıb.

The embassy to Vienna (1171-72/1757-58) was followed by a similar appointment, namely the first ever embassy to the court of Frederick the Great in Berlin (1177-78/ 1763-64). In both cases A. R. submitted detailed reports on the geography of passage and the politics of the courts he encountered. In the case of the Berlin embassy, he left behind not just an account of diplomatic niceties but also a portrayal of Frederick and the description of the Seven Years’ War then winding down. His observations, however tentative, inaugurated a new emphasis on the need to study European politics, decades prior to Selim III’s (r. 1203-23/1789-1808) initiative to send diplomats to permanent posts abroad in 1207/1793.

Upon his return from Berlin, A.R. was appointed chief correspondence officer (mektubcu) to the grand vizier. In 1179/1765 he became chief sergeant-at-arms (çavuşbaşı) and began his long connection to Muhsinzade Mehmed Paşa (d. 1188/1774), who was appointed grand vizier first between 1179-82/1765-68 and then between 1185-88/1771-74 during the Ottoman-Russian war (1182-88/1768-74). Among A.R.’s other appointments to the highest offices was his brief posting as second-in-command (sadaret kethudası) to grand vizier Moldovani Ali Paşa on the Bulgarian battlefront in 1183/1769. He served in this capacity again with Muhsinzade from 1185/1771 until the grand vizier’s death at the end of the war in 1188/1774. A.R. was present at many of the war councils on the battlefield and is noted for his largesse toward wounded soldiers.

Even though the abovementioned three posts were considered stepping-stones to the office of the grand vizier, A.R. never achieved that status. The reason for this could have been incompetence or rivalries. Yet it is more than likely that A.R.’s regular and scathing criticism of the state of Ottoman military organization played a major role in this turn of events.

A.R. acted as first plenipotentiary (murahhas-ı evvel) to the hastily convened Küçük Qaynarca peace negotiations in 1188/1774 and became one of the signatories of the resulting treaty. It is therefore small wonder that he disappeared from the appointment rolls for some time after 1189/1775. A.R. resurfaced one last time as chief of the palace cavalry bureau (süvari muqabelecisi), likely as a sinecure, under grand vizier Halil Hamid (1197-99/1782-85), probably in recognition of his continuous service behind the scenes in difficult negotiations with Russia over the future of the Crimea and the Tatars. He died in Şevval 1197/August 1783, shortly before the Aynalıqavaq convention ceding the Crimea to Catherine II was signed in early 1198/1784. One son is said to have preceded A. R. to the grave; no other information has been discovered to date concerning his family life.

 
Works:
(1)
Hamiletü’l-kübera

In 1163/1749 A.R. composed Hamiletü’l-kübera, a biographical list of the chief black eunuchs (qızlar agaları) of the Palace until Beşir Aga II, mid-18th cen. A copy was dedicated to Qoca Ragıb Mehmed. Hamiletü’l-kübera and Sefinetü’r-rü’esa (see below) are unique to A.R.’s age as career profiles of two of the most influential offices of the Ottoman court. In both cases, they were composed to celebrate the patrons and mentors of A.R.

The book begins with Mehmed Aga (981-998/1574-90) and ends with Moralı Beşir Aga (the second eunuch with the same name, who served between 1160-66/1746-52). It includes brief biographies of thirty-eight eunuchs, focusing on their origins and professional careers. A tekmile addresses the history of the downfall and execution of Moralı Beşir Aga and provides as much justification for, as explication of, the events.

(2)
Hulasatü’l-itibar

Critical and satirical history of the Russo-Ottoman War 1182-88/1768-74, composed in 1195/1781, which is also date of the earliest manuscript copy (no. 19 below). A. R. was on the battlefield from 1771 till 1774, and acutely aware of the failings of the janissary army. The writing is accessible, indignant, sometimes comic, but sincere and passionate. Not by any means a well-composed or highly stylized piece, it nonetheless circulated in multiple editions well into the nineteenth century.

(3)
Layiha

A memorandum presented to grand vizier Halil Paşa in 1183/1769 concerning the need for reorganization and control of military headquarters. Simply entitled Layiha, this was A.R.’s first analysis of the state of military affairs, which he presented to the newly appointed grand vizier İvazpaşazade Halil (1183-84/1769-70). The only extant copy of the work includes the discussion of thirteen topics of concern about the 1182/1769 campaign, including: 1) The protection of campaign routes from rapacious soldiers; 2) The supply of horses at waystations; 3) How to control rabble troops from Anatolia; 4) The uselessness of the soldiers from the military fiefs (tımarlı); 5) The problem of camp followers; 6) The abuse of pack animals; 7) The uselessness of janissary palace cavalry and guards units ( (sipahi and silahdar); 8) The excessive retainers for the men of state; 9-10) Biscuit and bread, and their adulteration by corrupt bakers; 11-13) The matters of supplying the army, purchasing supplies at current market value, and preventing hoarding.

(4)
Layiha

A political memoir on the Russians during temporary truce and negotiations to end the 1182-88/1768-74 war presented to Muhsinzade and Abdürrezzaq Efendi, chief negotiator on the battlefront in 1186/1772. That so many copies are bound together with Hulasat suggests that the two texts became a primer on foreign affairs and reform.

A.R. presented this Layiha to Muhsinzade as the Ottomans undertook ultimately abortive negotiations with the Russians between 1186-87/1772-73, in which he pressed for peace, arguing that the Russians were badly overextended, and that both sides should recognize their military and territorial limitations. Such language was still novel in Ottoman negotiations. A.R.’s view in this last work as well as in Hulasatü’l-itibar represents an understanding of the balance of power diplomacy he observed in the courts of Vienna and Berlin.

(5)
Sefaretname-i Ahmed Resmi or Sefaretname-i Prusya

Report of A.R.’s embassy to Berlin in 1177-78/1763-64 containing a logbook for the journey, reflections on the cities of passage, as well as a record of the official meetings with Frederick the Great (1153-1200/1740-86), and many reflections on the rise of Frederick, his kind of rule, and his parsimony. Both this and the Vienna embassy report have been edited and transcribed numerous times, and discussed at length in English and Turkish.

(6)
Sefinetü’r-rü’esa or Halifetü’r-rü’esa

Also known as Halifetü’l-rü’esa, Sefinetü’r-rü’esa is the only biographical compilation of Ottoman chief scribes (re’isü’l-küttab) until 1157/1744, written ca. 1162/ 1749, continued by Süleyman Fa’iq until 1218/1804. The work ends with the entries on A.R.’s patrons Tavuqçubaşı Mustafa and Ragıb Mehmed, mainly known to us through Sefinetü’r-rü’esa. A.R.’s probable autograph copy of the work refers to the sending of the manuscript to Qoca Ragıb Mehmed while he was governor of Raqqa in 1163/1750.

 
(7)
Viyana Sefaretnamesi

Report of A.R.’s embassy to Vienna in 1170-71/1757-58, written immediately upon his return.

Bibliography:

1) Hamiletü’l-kübera
Manuscripts: (1) Istanbul, Istanbul Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi, TY 1210; 1167/1753, 13 fol., 23 lines, talik, presentation copy to Qoca Ragıb. (2) Istanbul, Istanbul Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi, TY 2423; n.d., 28 fol., 23 lines, talik. (3) Istanbul, Istanbul Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi, TY 4371; 1185/1771, fol. 78-112, 19 lines, talik, with Sefinet. (4) Istanbul, Istanbul Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi, TY 9721; n.d., 16 fol. 21 lines, rıka. (5) Istanbul, Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi, Atıf Efendi 1881; 1199/1784, fol. 34b-38, various scripts, fragment with Hulasat;(6) Istanbul, Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi, Esad Efendi 2258/1; n.d., fol. l-13a, 35 lines, various scripts, with other works. (7) Istanbul, Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi, Esad Efendi 3378/2; 1178/1764, fol. 36-52a, 16 lines, various scripts, with two other works by A.R. 8) Istanbul, Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi, Esad Efendi 3876/2; 1197/1782, fol. 33a-51a, 19 lines, rıka. (9) Istanbul, Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi, Halet Efendi 597/2; n.d., fol. 69-101b, 29 lines, nesih, with Sefinet. (10) Istanbul, Millet Kütüphanesi, Ali Emiri 274; 1192/1778, 22 fol., 25 lines, rıka. 11) Istanbul, Topkapı Palace Museum Library, Emanet Hazinesi 1403; 1163/1749, 27 fol., 23 lines, nesih. 12) London, British Library, Or 10897; 1268/1851, fol. 39b-46b, fragment with Hulasat.

Editions: Hamiletü’l-kübera. Ed. Ahmet Nezihi Turan (Istanbul, 2000). Facsimile of (1) above.

Secondary work: Jane Hathaway. el-Hajj Beshir Agha (Oxford, 2005) (on the first eunuch to bear that name).

2) Hulasatü’l-itibar 
Manuscripts: (1) Cairo, Cairo University Library, 6548T; copied 18th c., 52 fol., 17 lines, nesih. (2) Istanbul, Istanbul Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi, TY 92; n.d., fol. 406ff., 25 lines, nesih. (3) Istanbul, Istanbul Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi, TY 93; n.d., fol. 406ff., 25 lines, nesih. (4) Istanbul, Istanbul Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi, TY 237; 1257/ 1841, fol. 1-34, 21 lines, talik, with other works; (5) Istanbul, Istanbul Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi, TY 627; 1246/1830, 48 fol., 21 lines, talik, with Layiha (Muhsinzade). (6) Istanbul, Istanbul Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi, TY 2441; 1265/1848, 42 fol., 17 lines, rıka. (7) Istanbul, Istanbul Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi, TY 2458; 1254/1838, 29 fol., 29 lines, rıka. (8) Istanbul, Istanbul Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi, TY 2583; 1284/ 1867, fol. 1-136, 13 lines, nesih, with Layiha (Muhsinzade). (9) Istanbul, Istanbul Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi, TY 3311; 1210/1795, fol. l-20a, 29 lines, talik, with misc. other works. (10) Istanbul, Istanbul Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi, TY 3440; n.d., 44 fol., 21 lines, nesih. (11) Istanbul, Istanbul Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi, TY 6057; 1226/1811, 50 fol. 17 lines, nesih. (12) Istanbul, Istanbul Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi, TY 6095; n.d., fol. 291-340, 19 lines, nesih, with numerous other works. (13) Istanbul, Istanbul Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi, TY 6113; n.d., 32 fol. 25 lines, talik. (14) Istanbul, Istanbul Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi, TY 6168; 1210/1795, 53 fol., 17 lines, rıka. (15) Istanbul, Köprülü Kütüphanesi 384; ca. 1200/1785, fol. 1-10, 16 lines, nesih. (16) Istanbul, Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi, Atıf Efendi 1881; 1199/1784, fol. l-34a, 23 lines, talik, with Hamilet. (17) Istanbul, Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi, Esad Efendi 2256; 1195/1781, 45 fol., 23 lines, nesih, an undistinguished copy of (19) below. (18) Istanbul, Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi, Hacı Mahmud 4859/3; n.d., fol. 44b-74a, 21 lines, rıka, with misc. other political advice manuscripts. (19) Istanbul, Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi, Hüsrev Paşa 387/1; 1195/1781, fol. l-28a, [TBC], with Layiha (Muhsinzade). (20) Istanbul, Topkapı Palace Museum Library, Hazine 375; ownership date 1206/1791, fol. 15b-55, 21 lines, rıka, with anonymous Risale on Europe. (21) London, British Library, Or 10897; 1268/ 1851, fol. lb-38a, 21 lines, rıka, with two other works by A.R. (22) London, British Library, Or 7306; various lines and scripts, catalogued as Mir’atü’l-Işq, with Layiha (Muhsinzade). (23) Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, S 1251; n.d., copied 1262/1846, fol. l-60a, 17 lines, rıka, with Layiha (Muhsinzade).

Editions: (1) Istanbul, 1282/1865. (2) Istanbul, 1286/1869. (3) Istanbul, 1306/1889. (4) also published as v. 1-2 of Kitabhane-i Ebüzziya, no. 80-81, 1307/1890 in Istanbul. (5) Istanbul, 1317/1899.

Translation: Wesentliche Betrachtungen, oder, Geschichte des Krieges zwischen Osmanen und Russen in Jahren 1768 bis 1774. Trans. H.F. Diez (Halle - Berlin, 1813).

Secondary sources: G. V. “De la guerre des russes contre les turcs de 1768 à 1774.” Journal des science militaires, 15 (1829), 205-39. B. Ercilasun. “Ahmed Resmi Efendi’nin Türk Yenileşme Tarihindeki Yeri.” Atsız Armağanı (Istanbul, 1976), 127-46 (summary of contents of Hulasat and the two embassies).

3) Layiha
Manuscript: (1) Istanbul, Istanbul Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi, TY 419; n.d., 11 fol, 19 lines, talik, with Katib Çelebi’s Düstürü’l-Amel, marginal note by Ahmed Resmi’s son, who is not further identified.

4) Layiha 
Manuscripts: (1) Cairo, Cairo University Library, 6796T; fol. 32-4, 18th c., various lines and scripts, included in Qoca Ragıb’s Mecmüa-i Münşe’at ascribed to A.R. (2) Istanbul, Istanbul Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi, TY 237; 1257/1841, fol. 26b-40, 21 lines, talik, with Hulasat. (3) Istanbul, Istanbul Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi, TY 627; 1246/ 1830, fol. 43-48, 21 lines, talik, with Hulasat. (4) Istanbul, Istanbul Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi, TY 2583; 1284/1867, fol. 137-54, 13 lines, nesih, with Hulasat. (5) Istanbul, Istanbul Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi, TY 6065; n.d., fol. 404-410, 19 lines, nesih, with numerous other works. (6) Istanbul, Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi, Hüsrev Paşa 387/1; 1186/1772, fol. 28b-31b, [TBC], with Hulasat. (7) Istanbul, Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi, Hüsrev Paşa 886; n.d., 6 fol. 17 lines, rıka. (8) Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, S 1251; mid-19th c., fol. 60-67, 17 lines, talik, with Hulasat.

Editions: İsmet Parmaksızoğlu. “Bir Türk Diplomatının Onsekizinci Yüzyıl Sonunda Devletler Arası İlişkilere Dair Görüşleri.” Belleten, 47 (1983), 527-45. Largely a facsimile of an unidentified Ankara Milli Kütüphane copy and a modernized version of the text.

5) Sefaretname-i Ahmed Resmi or Sefaretname-i Prusya 
Manuscripts: (1) Cairo, Cairo University Library, 6438T; mid-18th c.?, 28 fol., 19 lines, talik. 2) Istanbul, Istanbul Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi, TY 1246; n.d., 12 fol., 21 lines, talik. 3) Istanbul, Istanbul Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi, TY 6095; n.d., fol. 37b-62a, 19 lines, nesih, with numerous other works. 4) Istanbul, Istanbul Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi, TY 9941; n.d., 18 fol., no. of lines varies, nesih. 5) Istanbul, Istanbul Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi, TY 1319; n.d., 12 fol., 21 lines, nesih. 6) Istanbul, Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi, Aşir Efendi 252; 1178/1764, 27 fols., 19 lines, nesih. (7) Istanbul, Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi, Aşir Efendi 253; 1180/1766, 27 fols., 26 lines, nesih. (8) Istanbul, Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi, Atıf Efendi 1890; n.d., 26 fols., 19 lines, nesih. (9) Istanbul, Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi, Esad Efendi 3378/3; n.d., fol. 53a-60b, 30 lines, rıka. 10) Istanbul, Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi, Esad Efendi 3758/12; n.d., fol. 76b-78a, [TBC], fragment. 11) Istanbul, Topkapı Palace Museum Library, Hazine 1576; n.d., 28 fol., 19 lines, nesih. 12) Istanbul, Topkapı Palace Museum Library, Emanet Hazinesi 1439; 1178/1764, 29 fol., 19 lines, nesih.

Editions: (1) In: Ahmed Vasıf Efendi. Mehasinü’l-asar, vol. 1 (1219/1804), 239-62. (2) In: Mehmed Said Fera’i„zizade. Gülşen-i Maarif, vol. 2 (Istanbul, 1252/1836), 1543-47 (summary). (3) Istanbul, 1303/1886. (4) B. Ercilasun. “Ahmed Resmi Efendi’nin Türk Yenileşme Tarihindeki Yeri.” Atsız Armağanı (Istanbul, 1976), 127-46 (primarily a summary of the embassy). (5) Ahmed Resmi Efendi’nin Viyana ve Berlin Sefaretnameleri. Ed. B. Atsız (Istanbul, 1980).

Translations: (1) Joseph von Hammer. Gesandtschaftliche Berichte von seinen Gesandtschaften in Wien im Jahre 1757 und Berlin im Jahre 1763 (Berlin, 1809) (German translation).

Secondary works: Gustav B. Volz. “Eine türkische Gesandschaft am Hofe Friedrichs des Grossen in Winter 1763/74.” Hohenzollern Jahrbuch (1907), 17-54. H. M. Scott. “Frederick II, the Ottoman Empire and the Origins of the Russo-Prussian Alliance of April 1764.” European Studies Review, 7 (1977), 153-75. Kemal Beydilli. Büyük Friedrich ve Osmanlılar (Istanbul, 1985). Virginia Aksan. “An Ottoman Portrait of Frederick the Great.” Oriente Moderno, 18 (1999), 203-15.

6) Sefinetü’r-rü’esa or Halifetü’r-rü’esa
Manuscripts: (1) Istanbul, Istanbul Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi, TY 4371/1; 1185/ 1771, 76 fol., 19 lines, talik, with Hamilet, presentation copy to el-Hac Bekir Efendi. (2) Istanbul, Istanbul Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi, TY 2453; n.d., 55 fol., 23 lines, nesih. (3) Istanbul, Millet Kütüphanesi, Ali Emiri 720; 1163/1749-50, 60 fols, 23 lines, nesih. (4) Istanbul, Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi, Aşir Efendi 256; 1212/1797-8, 55 fols., 23 lines, nesih, presentation copy to Na’ili Abdullah Efendi. (5) Istanbul, Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi, Esad Efendi 2296; 1176/1762, 64 fols., 21 lines, nesih, presentation copy to Baş Muhasebeci Haşim Ali Bey. (6) Istanbul, Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi, Esad Efendi 3378/1; 1197/1782, fol. 3-33, 16 lines, various scripts, with two other works by A.R. (7) Istanbul, Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi, Esad Efendi 2244; 1198/1783, 22 fol., [TBC]. (8) Istanbul, Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi, Halet Efendi 597/1; n.d., 69 fol., [TBC], with Hamilet. (9) Istanbul, Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi, Hüsrev Paşa 387/2; 1195/1780, fol. 36b-83, [TBC], with Hulasat. (10) Istanbul, Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi, Laleli 2092; 1163/1750, 58 fol., 23 lines, nesih, presentation copy to Re’is Abdi Efendi, A.R.’s autograph?. (11) Istanbul, Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi, Reisülküttab 639; 1195/1780, 58 fols., 23 lines, nesih, A.R.’s autograph? (12) Istanbul, Topkapı Palace Museum Library, Revan 1455; 1163/1750, 51 fol., 23 lines, nesih, presentation copy to grand vizier Divitdar Mehmed Emin. (13) Toronto, E. Birnbaum personal ms T 5; 1295/1878, 53 fol., 19 lines, nesih, presentation copy to Defterdar Ahmed.

Editions: (1) Istanbul, 1269/1853, includes zeyl by Süleyman Fa’iq.

7) Viyana Sefaretnamesi 
Manuscripts: (1) Cairo, Cairo University Library, 2650T; 18th c., 18 fol., 15 lines, talik; 2) Istanbul, Istanbul Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi, TY 6095; n.d., fol. 231b-46, 19 lines, nesih, with numerous other works. 3) Istanbul, Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi, Esad Efendi 3379; 1175/1761, 13 fols., 13 lines, rıka.

Editions: (1) In: Ahmed Vasıf Efendi. Mehasinü’l-asar, vol. 1 (1219/1804), 120-32. (2) In: Fera’izizade. Gülşen-i Maarif, vol. 2 (Istanbul, 1252/1836) 1512-17, (summary). (3) Istanbul, 1303/1886. (4) B. Ercilasun. “Ahmed Resmi Efendi’nin Türk Yenileşme Tarihindeki Yeri.” Atsız Armaganı (Istanbul, 1976), 127-46 (a summary of the embassy). (5) Ahmed Resmi Efendi’nin Viyana ve Berlin Sefaretnameleri. Ed. B. Atsız (Istanbul, 1980).

General Bibliography:
Muhammad Halil ibn Ali Muradi. Silk al-Durar fi ayan al-qarn al-thani ashar (Bülaq, 1874-83; reprint Baghdad, 1966), vol. 1, 74. Virginia H. Aksan. An Ottoman Statesman in War and Peace: Ahmed Resmi Efendi, 1700-1780 (Leiden, 1995) [Savaş ve Barışta Bir Devlet Adamı: Ahmed Resmi Efendi 1700-1780, trans. Ö. Arıkan (Istanbul, 1997)]. Hasan Korkut. “Osmanlı Sefaretnâmeleri Hakkında Yapılan Araştırmalar.” Türkiye Araştırmaları Literatür Dergisi, 1/2 (2003), 491-511. Mehmet Alaaddin Yalçınkaya. “Kuruluştan Tanzimat’a Osmanlı Diplomasi Tarihi Literatürü.” Türkiye Araştırmaları Literatür Dergisi, 1/2 (2003), 423-489.

 
Author:
Virginia Aksan
May 2006